Based on a preliminary analysis of Census Bureau data by the Pew Research Center, more than 1.2 million immigrants have left the U.S. labor force between January and July 2025. This decline includes both legal residents and undocumented workers.
Key points from the data include:
As of June 2025, immigrants accounted for 19% of the U.S. labor force, a decrease from 20% in January.
The total U.S. immigrant population has also seen a decline for the first time in over 50 years, falling from a record high of 53.3 million in January to 51.9 million by June.
The decline is attributed to a combination of factors, including deportations and voluntary departures, as a result of recent immigration policy changes and increased enforcement.
Industries with a high concentration of immigrant workers, such as farming, construction, and hospitality, have been particularly impacted. Immigrants make up a significant portion of the workforce in these sectors.
Economists suggest that this reduction in the labor force could impact job creation and economic growth, as immigrants have historically been a key source of labor, particularly for prime-working-age individuals.